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While the presence of fake news is not new, the internet and social media changed the ways it’s created and spread. Fake news is a multi-step process that involves making or taking content that others have produced, passing it off as real news, and capitalizing on social media to get as much attention as possible. This section explains how purveyors of fake news operate, and how fake news is created. It provides a step-by-step guide to how fake news producers utilize the internet and social media.

Fundamentally, those who operate fake news websites want as many visitors to their sites as possible. While some may want their visitors to see the content and have it influence their political values, others simply want internet users to click on them, which often takes users to a website where users see more content (ideological or not) and/or see advertising. When a website has ads on it, those visits pay the website owner advertising revenue. Both of these motivations—ideological and commercial--need as many people to click on the website link and visit as possible [1]. With this in mind, let’s go through the steps that go into creating a fake news factory.

Step 1: Creating a Fake News Site

The first step to creating a fake news factory is creating a website on which the fake news stories will be presented, or hosted. This requires two things, a domain name for the website and the host of the website itself. Each of these can be bought relatively cheaply, and both get designed to look as much like legitimate news sites as possible [2].

The domain name for a website is an address. Basically it’s the path your web browser takes on the internet to get to a particular place. A domain name typically looks something like www.example.com, and can be thought of as the website’s name. Think of a domain name as an address, it may tell you how to get somewhere, but it doesn’t have anything to do with what is actually there. Domain names are registered, and every domain name is unique. Some popular websites providers sell domain names for as little as $1 a year.

A webhost is the file space where the website itself is stored [3]. If a domain name is the address, the hosting service is the building at the address. The webhost is where the website code and files are held. This is slightly more expensive, but some cheaper hosting services offer web hosting for as little as $2.75 per month.

Now, the owners of these sites want them to look as much like a real news website as possible, so that people are more likely to trust them. Think about some examples of real news websites, like www.abcnews.com or www.nytimes.com. You are likely to believe these are legitimate news sites because they sound like the real news organizations you already know about. But what about sites like www.newshound.com, www.patriotnews.co, or www.nbcnews9.net? It’s less clear that these aren’t legitimate news sites, because their domain names alone look kind of familiar. In fact, these are actual examples of fake news sites. This is the strategy that most creators of fake news use in order to get people to visit and to think these sites are legitimate [2]. Politifact.com, working with Facebook, created a list you can look at of 330 fake news websites. Here’s a sample:

The strategy for creating a legitimate-looking domain address extends to how the website is supposed to look, too. The layout and design of fake news websites are purposely designed to look as much like real news sites as possible. Below are a few examples of fake news websites and real news websites. See if you can tell the difference between them.

The images above show the lengths that fake news sites go to in order to make their sites look as similar to mainstream online news sites as possible. The first five are all from fake news sites, while the last two come from CNN and The New York Times.

Why do fake news websites do this? They want as much attention as possible. Think about the limited amount of time and interest you can dedicate to reading or watching news. Think about how often you click on something that you see on social media. You’re more likely to click on something you think is real than to waste time on something that’s obviously fake. Those who own these fake news sites know this, and resort to these sneaky methods to get your attention.

Step 2: Stealing Content

Now that our fake news factory has a sneaky domain name and a slick design, we need content for it. Now, it’s possible that the owners of a fake news site could create their own content and try to pass it off as real. This is what many of the Russians did before and after the 2016 US elections, according to US Intelligence reports [4]. The downside to this is that this takes time and energy. Many fake news site owners want this process to be as simple and cheap as possible. So fake news website owners often steal their content [5].

The most common place that fake news site owners steal from is satire websites or from sensationalistic “clickbait.” Satire websites like The Onion or Clickhole often post outrageous news parodies, and those who visit these satire sites know not to believe them. Clickbait news stories are like tabloids. Their headlines are sensationalistic and dramatic, enticing readers to click to read more, even if the real stories are somewhat banal. Buzzfeed and Upworthy entice readers with these kinds of headlines.

Fake news site owners will go to these websites, copy, and re-post the content on their own sites, attempting to pass this information off as factual. This process is easy, requiring only to copy and paste, with maybe a little reformatting, usually to the headline. The headline is most important. Catchy and explosive headlines can make people click on a fake news story without even looking at who shared it or where it originated [6].

Step 3: Selling Advertising

Once our fake news factory has content, our next step is to monetize it. One motivation for fake news site owners is earning money from these websites. Advertising is the process through which they do this. The owners of these sites can make a small amount of money for each visitor to one of their webpages, and a slightly larger amount every time a visitor clicks on an advertisement on the page [7].

To the owners of these fake news sites, the process is largely automatic. The amount of control they have over the advertisements that appear on their sites is minimal but so is the work required to set them up. Owners of fake news websites sell part

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